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Non-technical skills
About this topic
Introduction
The railway system is characterised by a wide variety of professions requiring a high level of expertise. Each of us has experienced this when starting our careers: it is necessary to acquire a significant amount of knowledge (regulatory, technical, process, etc.) before being able to carry out our jobs. This knowledge constitutes a foundation, an absolutely necessary basis for acquiring and developing the skills needed to carry out the various tasks in our profession. When we look more closely at these skills, we see that some of them are obviously technical (braking a train, removing an axle, carrying out a brake test, etc.) but that other skills play an essential role in achieving the desired performance. These include the ability to communicate clearly and effectively and the ability to analyse the task in hand. These three permanently interconnected aspects are defined as the three components of competence:
- Knowledge,
- Technical skills,
- Non Technical skills.
Everything starts with the acquisition of knowledge. The performance of all tasks involves both technical skills (those relating to the task to be performed) and non-technical skills which vary according to the context of the work situation.
Relevance to Rail
The railway depends on its operators performing their work in order to run safely and efficiently. This requires technical knowledge and skill, but also non-technical skills such as developing and maintaining awareness of risks and working together effectively with others. Strong non-technical skills help to produce consistent performance and reduce the opportunities for error.
Approaches and Models
Different industries and organizations use different models of NTS. Some of the most common are:
- The categories described by Flin et al. In the book ‘Safety at the Sharp End’, including Situation awareness, Decision making, Communication, Team working, Leadership, Managing stress, and Managing fatigue.
- The RSSB categories of NTS for train drivers: Situation awareness, Decision making and action, Communication, Cooperation and working with others, Conscientiousness, Workload management, Self-management.
- JAA (research Commitee on Human Factors) – NOTECHS : a first scientific publication on non-technical skills, called “Notechs”, is the result of the work of the European research consortium “JAA Research Committee on Human Factors” set up in 1996 and aims to identify and evaluate the non-technical skills involved in commercial aviation. The framework addresses 4 categories of observables (Cooperation, Leadership and Managerial Skills, Situational Awareness and Decision Making).
| Category | Elements |
|---|---|
| Cooperation | Team building & maintaining Considering others Supporting others Conflict solving |
| Leadership & managerial skills | Use of authority and assertiveness Providing and maintaining standards Planning and co-ordination Workload management |
| Situation Awareness | Awareness of aircraft systems Awareness of external environment Awareness of Time |
| Decision Making | Problem recognition and diagnosis Option generation Risk assessment and option selection Outcome review |
- Many of the models break the categories down into sub-items, which can be trained and assessed. A major focus of NTS is the identification of behavioural markers which can indicate the presence or absence of a particular skill.
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